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The Phoenician Colonies & Carthage

c. 1000 – 29 BC · the sea road from Tyre to the Atlantic, and the city that ruled it

Chapters

• 0:13 The sea road
• 3:56 Carthage
• 6:15 Rome

On-screen text

• 0:15 Tyre · c. 1000 BC Historical record · Excavations at Tyre; 1 Kings 5
• 1:03 Kition · late 9th century BC Historical record · Excavations at Kition (Larnaca)
• 1:17 Kommos · c. 800 BC Historical record · Excavations at Kommos, Crete
• 1:28 Carthage · traditionally 814 BC Tradition / scripture · Justin 18.4–6; Timaeus via Dionysius
• 1:54 Gades · c. 800 BC (tradition: 1104 BC) Historical record · Excavations in Cádiz; Velleius 1.2 (tradition)
• 2:12 Nora · 9th–8th century BC Historical record · The Nora stone
• 2:24 Utica · 8th century BC (tradition: older than Carthage) Historical record · Excavations at Utica; Pliny NH 16.216 (tradition)
• 2:45 Lixus · 8th century BC Historical record · Excavations at Lixus, Morocco
• 2:59 Motya · late 8th century BC Historical record · Excavations at Motya (Mozia)
• 3:17 Ebusus · 7th century BC (tradition: 654 BC) Historical record · Sa Caleta excavations; Diodorus 5.16 (tradition)
• 3:36 Mogador · 7th–6th century BC Historical record · Excavations at Mogador (Essaouira)
• 3:57 Carthage rises · 6th century BC Historical record · Justin 18.7–19.1
• 4:30 Himera · 480 BC Historical record · Herodotus 7.165–167; Diodorus 11.20–26
• 4:44 Tanit and Baal Hammon · 5th–2nd century BC The Institute's interpretation · The tophet of Carthage (excavations); Diodorus 20.14
• 5:14 Motya falls · 397 BC Historical record · Diodorus 14.47–53
• 5:46 The cothon · 3rd–2nd century BC Historical record · Excavations at the Punic ports; Appian, Punic Wars 96
• 6:16 The Punic Wars · 264–146 BC Historical record · Polybius 1–3
• 6:43 Carthage destroyed · 146 BC Historical record · Appian, Punic Wars 127–135; Polybius 38.21–22
• 7:27 Roman Carthage · 44–29 BC Historical record · Appian, Punic Wars 136; Cassius Dio 43.50

Sources

Historical record: Excavations at Tyre, Kition, Kommos, Carthage, Gades (Cádiz), Nora, Motya, Sa Caleta / Ebusus, Mogador · Herodotus 7.165–167 (Himera) · Diodorus 14.47–53 (Motya) · Polybius 1–3; Appian, Punic Wars · Excavations at Tyre; 1 Kings 5 · Excavations at Kition (Larnaca) · Excavations at Kommos, Crete · Excavations in Cádiz; Velleius 1.2 (tradition) · The Nora stone · Excavations at Utica; Pliny NH 16.216 (tradition) · Excavations at Lixus, Morocco · Excavations at Motya (Mozia) · Sa Caleta excavations; Diodorus 5.16 (tradition) · Excavations at Mogador (Essaouira) · Justin 18.7–19.1 · Herodotus 7.165–167; Diodorus 11.20–26 · Diodorus 14.47–53 · Excavations at the Punic ports; Appian, Punic Wars 96 · Polybius 1–3 · Appian, Punic Wars 127–135; Polybius 38.21–22 · Appian, Punic Wars 136; Cassius Dio 43.50

Tradition / scripture: Justin 18.4–6: Elissa (Dido) and the oxhide · Velleius Paterculus 1.2: Gades founded 1104 BC · Pliny, Natural History 16.216: Utica's temple of 1178 years · Justin 18.4–6; Timaeus via Dionysius

The Institute's interpretation: The tophet of Carthage (excavations); Diodorus 20.14

Remake by Hathor Studio after David Roberts, 1839. Cleveland Museum of Art. CC0 · Remake by Hathor Studio after David Roberts, 1839. Cleveland Museum of Art. Public domain · Byblos, general view, American Colony photographers — Library of Congress, no known restrictions · Remake by Hathor Studio after J. M. W. Turner, 1815. Public domain · Remake by Hathor Studio after Claude Lorrain, 1676. Public domain · Remake by Hathor Studio after Joris Hoefnagel (after), between 1564 and 1640. Bibliothèque nationale de France. Public domain · Ruins of Utica, engraving in Graham (1887) — public domain · Hathor Studio render (our own CPU) · Remake by Hathor Studio after William Linton, 1825. Cleveland Museum of Art. CC0 · Remake by Hathor Studio after Anonymous illustration, 1926 (Flaubert, Salammbô). Public domain · Remake by Hathor Studio after Unknown author, before 1958. Public domain · Remake by Hathor Studio after Norbert Schnitzler, photograph of a model, 2008. CC BY-SA 2.0 · Remake by Hathor Studio after A. Mayer (draughtsman), lithograph after De Sinety. Bibliothèque nationale de France. Public domain · Remake by Hathor Studio after Nicolas Poussin (public domain) · Richard Henry Brock, The siege of Carthage, 146 BC — public domain · Edward Poynter, The Catapult (1868) — public domain · Remake by Hathor Studio after J. M. W. Turner, 1817. Public domain · Remake by Hathor Studio after Noomen9, photograph, 2021. CC BY-SA 4.0 · Territories: Cliopatria, Seshat Global History Databank (CC BY 4.0, github.com/Seshat-Global-History-Databank/cliopatria) — simplified and recoloured. Base map: Natural Earth (public domain). · Soundtrack: synthesized ambient (wind, drone, water) — CC0, made by SoapBox

Sound: synthesized ambient (wind, drone, water) (CC0 — made by SoapBox). Made in 1063 s of CPU.